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good morning welcome to the

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international space station flight

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control room as we mentioned earlier in

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the hour uh this week the crew surpassed

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a record they had previously said on

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number of hours that they spent working

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on science this week and here to tell us

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a little bit about that we have vic

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cooley who is the lead increment

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scientist for this expedition so thank

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you so much for joining us vic thanks

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brandi it's a pleasure to be here we're

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glad to have you well so first of all

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why don't you tell us a little bit about

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what a lead increment scientist is what

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does that mean

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well um i'm a head of a team that's an

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international team that consists of nasa

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scientists but also partner scientists

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from our partners jaxa the japanese

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space agency the european space agency

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and also the canadian space agency so

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you

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get them all rounded up on

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we meet weekly and our primary objective

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or our

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routine product is every week we put out

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a list of priorities

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that for the next four weeks

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to indicate which science sessions

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should be higher priority than others

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as as our audience is probably aware the

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the tightest resource the one that often

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limits how much science we can do on

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orbit is crew time so that's the

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resource we're most often focused on but

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other times it's bandwidth or up mass or

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some other resource that the

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investigations need okay and so when you

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say you set priorities that means you

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decide which experiments are going to be

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the priorities or is is that the way to

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describe it

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yes and it's probably more accurate to

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say we decide which sessions or which

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runs of which experiments take priority

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in a given week okay

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a lot of our experiments are on the crew

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members themselves and those uh have

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requirements that are defined by how

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long the crew member has been on orbit

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so for example we'll collect blood at

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flight day 15 and at flight day 30 and

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then again at flight day 45

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and the intervals start to increase as

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the crew member stays there longer and

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longer such that the last interval could

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be as big as 60 days whereas the first

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interval is only 15 days okay

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so those are pretty well tightly defined

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uh

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windows at which we need to conduct

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those

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blood collection sessions other

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experiments in the physical sciences

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area and i'll talk about some of those

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later today

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don't have

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tightly defined

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timing requirements when the sessions

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have to occur however some of those

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experiments do have specimens or samples

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which can be shelf life limited because

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they would coagulate or something like

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that if they're there for too long so we

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have to take those kind of

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considerations in mind

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we also have to consider

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when is the return flight for a

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particular set of samples and so a lot

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of different considerations go into

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deciding what are the priorities for a

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given week it sounds like a pretty

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difficult scheduling question to get

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through

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well there's lots of teams involved that

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actually do the scheduling after we set

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the priorities

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uh but it's it's very enjoyable to work

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with this international team and learn

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about all the science that all the

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wonderful science that we're doing on

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the space station and in almost any

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discipline that you can't imagine i bet

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yeah well i think um the record that

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we're setting this week i guess at the

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end of today will be 67 hours of uh time

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spent on science that's correct that's

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67 hours this week uh by uh our three us

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os crew members kevin ford tom marshburn

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and chris hadfield of the canadian space

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agency and so that doesn't even count

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the the russian experiments that the

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russian crew members are doing on the

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other end of the space station that's

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correct it does not okay well 67 hours

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that's pretty good i think it just is a

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little over our last record was 66. i i

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was thinking 65 but

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it's it's uh it's very close uh but

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we're happy to set the record i bet

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that's great so what what are some of

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the things i've been working on this

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week

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well um today i've i've picked four

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experiments that there's kind of a theme

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involved they're all in the fluid

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physics area and actually we could call

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this fluid physics week because i know

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two earlier interviews you've had this

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week with dr eric first of the in space

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experiment and

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dr mark weislogel of portland state

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university

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for the cfe or capillary flow experiment

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they have both been interviewed on on

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this particular program this this hour

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on previous days this week i'll talk a

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little bit about those trying not to

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duplicate things they've said but also

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talk about two partner experiments from

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the european space agency the geoflow

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experiment

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and from the japanese space agency the

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marangoni experiment

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i think this is a video of geoflow yes

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this is a geoflow video

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first of all the the name is very

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appropriate because it it

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it examines the flow in

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in the center of our earth so geo flow

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in this case we have a set of hardware

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on board that

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uh it's two concentric spheres with oil

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in between those spheres and these

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spheres aren't that big they're the

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outer sphere is about the size of a

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volleyball

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and their inner sphere is about the size

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of a of a hardball baseball

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and in between those two concentric

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spheres is this silicon oil now

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there's a voltage difference between the

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inner sphere and the outer sphere and

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that produces

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a force field much like our gravity

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field which is you know centered at the

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center of the earth in this model of the

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earth that gravity field is centered at

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the center of the inner sphere or the

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baseball sphere

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so it's it's not uh you know you could

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say well we're going to space to

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eliminate gravity but yet you want

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gravity well this is a this is a

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miniature gravity model and that it's

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centered at the center of that inner

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you can also apply a temperature

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difference which creates

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flow inside

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between those concentric spheres and the

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model that you saw previously in the

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video

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was an interferomic

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imaging of that flow you can see those

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inner cells simulating the molten flow

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of the mantle of the earth this is

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important to understand the flow uh in

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the mantle of the earth where so that we

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can understand

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uh volcano and earthquake dynamics more

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and what causes them and perhaps improve

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our capabilities of predicting those

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phenomena but it also has applications

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for uh spherical ball bearings for heat

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exchangers and and for uh other

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mechanical designs that we need to make

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to improve our productivity and industry

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on earth okay and i think real quick you

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said interferomic flow is what is

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interferometer well it's a technique

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using light and i think it may um

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uh use laser sensors laser

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interferometry but i'm not 100 sure

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about that there's there's different

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wavelengths of optical and even sound

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waves where you can use interferometry

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and basically it allows you to

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make

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assessments of

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moving

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inside of a substance that you can't see

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visibly in this case you can see the

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motion as we clearly saw in the video

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there of the oil even though we can't

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and you if there's oil moving

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say it

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three centimeters deep into the oil we

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can detect what is the velocity profile

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all the way through that depth and at

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various steps much like much like mri

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can do with with imaging our bodies this

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interferometry method is using to

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visualize the flow field all through

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that concentric annulus of of silicon

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oil

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okay and you said this um these small

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models i guess basically that we're

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looking at on space station help us

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understand better what's going on inside

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the earth

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yes and also in the atmosphere and in

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in the ocean circular or the

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world ocean circulation and atmospheric

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circulation on a global scale it's

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interesting a very uh

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interesting way that uh what the work

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that we're doing on the space station

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helps us learn more about the it is and

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and that's just one

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more of the unique applications that the

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international space station offers as a

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laboratory you know obviously there's no

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gravity there or gravity is exactly

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canceled out by the centrifugal orbiting

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of the space station

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and because of that we can have this

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small model of the earth and because of

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the very clever application of this

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voltage difference between the inner and

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the outer sphere we can actually

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simulate the earth centered gravity with

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this

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sphere centered gravity field produced

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by the voltage difference

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okay well i think that's just one of

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several experiments you want to tell us

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about what was the next one yeah that's

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uh that's one in the in this theme of

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fluid physics experiments obviously the

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the silicon is the fluid there but let

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me just talk a little bit about why we

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do fluid physics in space um

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we usually want to either eliminate

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sedimentation or convection which are

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both gravity driven processes

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if we can eliminate one or both of those

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we can unmask

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more subtle flow processes or transport

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mechanisms so sedimentation is i guess

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particles

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falling to the bottom settle out you

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know much like when you toss a rock into

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a lake it's going to sink to the bottom

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that's a you know a gross example of

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sedimentation but

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uh particles will slowly sink uh even if

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they're just slightly heavier than the

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than the water or whatever medium

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they're in they will eventually sink to

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the bottom and convection is heat

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related convection is when hot air rises

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okay or or warm fluids rise uh in the

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atmosphere and the ocean you know

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in whatever container of fluid you have

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the warmer fluid or warmer gas will rise

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to the top in a gravity field but that

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gravity field doesn't exist or is

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canceled out completely

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in the case of the space station lab

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and so those transport processes

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sedimentation and convection are

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eliminated and we can investigate

284
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explore and measure

285
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the more subtle transport processes

286
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which which are on earth are dominated

287
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by convection and sedimentation

288
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and it prevents us from

289
00:10:23,430 --> 00:10:20,959
seeing and measuring those more subtle

290
00:10:26,230 --> 00:10:23,440
transport processes which are really

291
00:10:28,710 --> 00:10:26,240
important when it comes to optimizing

292
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manufacturing methods for example for

293
00:10:34,310 --> 00:10:30,880
semiconductors and optical crystals on

294
00:10:35,430 --> 00:10:34,320
the ground okay so that's why we do it

295
00:10:37,269 --> 00:10:35,440
in space

296
00:10:39,269 --> 00:10:37,279
that's it it's exactly right and it's

297
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really at a research at a fundamental

298
00:10:43,030 --> 00:10:41,200
level because it you know it's we can

299
00:10:45,190 --> 00:10:43,040
talk about the applications that it

300
00:10:46,389 --> 00:10:45,200
might have to semiconductor

301
00:10:49,269 --> 00:10:46,399
uh

302
00:10:50,870 --> 00:10:49,279
improvements and optical crystals and

303
00:10:52,230 --> 00:10:50,880
and other types of manufacturing

304
00:10:54,949 --> 00:10:52,240
processes

305
00:10:57,190 --> 00:10:54,959
metallurgy for example

306
00:11:01,190 --> 00:10:57,200
it turns out that

307
00:11:03,750 --> 00:11:01,200
surface tension is a is a many transport

308
00:11:05,750 --> 00:11:03,760
processes are driven by surface tension

309
00:11:08,069 --> 00:11:05,760
and surface tension is one of those more

310
00:11:10,630 --> 00:11:08,079
subtle transport processes

311
00:11:13,509 --> 00:11:10,640
but on orbit you can measure it and it

312
00:11:17,269 --> 00:11:13,519
turns out that at a micro level even in

313
00:11:19,509 --> 00:11:17,279
a 1g field on earth at the micro scale

314
00:11:20,630 --> 00:11:19,519
that surface tension or those surface

315
00:11:23,990 --> 00:11:20,640
tension

316
00:11:25,829 --> 00:11:24,000
driven phenomenon come into play and are

317
00:11:28,870 --> 00:11:25,839
very important in understanding the

318
00:11:32,069 --> 00:11:28,880
dynamics of crystal growth even on earth

319
00:11:34,150 --> 00:11:32,079
so don't assume that just because we're

320
00:11:36,870 --> 00:11:34,160
making these discoveries on the space

321
00:11:39,030 --> 00:11:36,880
station we would have to use them to

322
00:11:41,590 --> 00:11:39,040
produce materials on the space station

323
00:11:43,509 --> 00:11:41,600
that would be prohibitively expensive we

324
00:11:45,750 --> 00:11:43,519
can use what we discover on the space

325
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station in manufacturing processes on

326
00:11:47,990 --> 00:11:46,880
the earth

327
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okay

328
00:11:51,590 --> 00:11:49,519
well i think the next one you were going

329
00:11:54,389 --> 00:11:51,600
to tell us about was in space

330
00:11:55,590 --> 00:11:54,399
yes in space i believe dr eric first

331
00:11:57,430 --> 00:11:55,600
earlier this week

332
00:11:59,269 --> 00:11:57,440
he's the main principal investigator

333
00:12:01,110 --> 00:11:59,279
from the university of delaware he

334
00:12:03,750 --> 00:12:01,120
talked about this investigation i'll

335
00:12:05,470 --> 00:12:03,760
talk about it a little bit more

336
00:12:08,150 --> 00:12:05,480
inspace uses

337
00:12:09,350 --> 00:12:08,160
magneto-rheological fluids it has

338
00:12:10,870 --> 00:12:09,360
particles

339
00:12:14,389 --> 00:12:10,880
in it that

340
00:12:15,509 --> 00:12:14,399
when there's a magnetic field around

341
00:12:28,389 --> 00:12:15,519
the

342
00:12:31,350 --> 00:12:28,399
when when this magnetic field is pulsed

343
00:12:32,310 --> 00:12:31,360
at a at a frequency say 10 hertz or 15

344
00:12:33,990 --> 00:12:32,320
hertz

345
00:12:36,710 --> 00:12:34,000
cycles per second

346
00:12:38,310 --> 00:12:36,720
those particles will self-assemble

347
00:12:40,470 --> 00:12:38,320
whereas when the magnetic field is

348
00:12:43,430 --> 00:12:40,480
turned off they're either randomly

349
00:12:44,949 --> 00:12:43,440
dispersed in in orbit or on

350
00:12:46,870 --> 00:12:44,959
on earth they would sink to the bottom

351
00:12:47,829 --> 00:12:46,880
they would set them out so here's a case

352
00:12:51,750 --> 00:12:47,839
where we're

353
00:12:54,150 --> 00:12:51,760
sedimentation

354
00:12:57,670 --> 00:12:54,160
transport process and now we can study

355
00:13:00,710 --> 00:12:57,680
how these particles self-assemble

356
00:13:03,269 --> 00:13:00,720
at the nano particle level it turns out

357
00:13:05,269 --> 00:13:03,279
they assemble themselves into structures

358
00:13:07,990 --> 00:13:05,279
and it changes the viscosity of the

359
00:13:09,829 --> 00:13:08,000
fluid and this density is stickiness

360
00:13:11,590 --> 00:13:09,839
basically no it's not stickiness but

361
00:13:13,750 --> 00:13:11,600
thickness if you've ever changed your

362
00:13:14,710 --> 00:13:13,760
motor oil or bought motor oil when you

363
00:13:18,150 --> 00:13:14,720
buy

364
00:13:21,030 --> 00:13:18,160
5w30 or 10w30 that five or that 10 or

365
00:13:23,670 --> 00:13:21,040
the 30. that's a measure of viscosity

366
00:13:25,670 --> 00:13:23,680
so viscosity is thickness and

367
00:13:27,590 --> 00:13:25,680
the the viscosity or the thickness of a

368
00:13:29,350 --> 00:13:27,600
fluid is a very important engineering

369
00:13:31,110 --> 00:13:29,360
property it's a very important design

370
00:13:34,069 --> 00:13:31,120
property

371
00:13:36,949 --> 00:13:34,079
if you want a machine or you're designed

372
00:13:39,030 --> 00:13:36,959
to do something you may depend on the

373
00:13:41,189 --> 00:13:39,040
viscosity of the fluid

374
00:13:44,310 --> 00:13:41,199
remaining constant or it actually

375
00:13:46,710 --> 00:13:44,320
changes with temperature and somehow in

376
00:13:48,470 --> 00:13:46,720
most cases that's an undesirable effect

377
00:13:50,470 --> 00:13:48,480
but we have to live with it because

378
00:13:52,870 --> 00:13:50,480
that's how it works in nature

379
00:13:54,470 --> 00:13:52,880
it turns out that though this pulsing

380
00:13:56,550 --> 00:13:54,480
magnetic field

381
00:13:58,629 --> 00:13:56,560
may be another way to control the

382
00:14:00,389 --> 00:13:58,639
viscosity of a fluid and it's it's

383
00:14:04,310 --> 00:14:00,399
already it's been used for decades in

384
00:14:05,590 --> 00:14:04,320
things like seismic damping systems for

385
00:14:06,790 --> 00:14:05,600
uh

386
00:14:09,350 --> 00:14:06,800
earthquake

387
00:14:12,310 --> 00:14:09,360
pre or dam prevention of damage to

388
00:14:15,110 --> 00:14:12,320
buildings during earthquakes and also

389
00:14:17,509 --> 00:14:15,120
prevention of

390
00:14:20,470 --> 00:14:17,519
large amplitude uh swaying motions and

391
00:14:22,629 --> 00:14:20,480
bridges during during uh wind gusts or

392
00:14:25,670 --> 00:14:22,639
or earthquakes in that case also it's

393
00:14:27,189 --> 00:14:25,680
also used as damping in in high end uh

394
00:14:29,670 --> 00:14:27,199
in suspension systems and high-end

395
00:14:31,590 --> 00:14:29,680
vehicles and in washing machines for for

396
00:14:33,829 --> 00:14:31,600
that matter okay

397
00:14:35,990 --> 00:14:33,839
um i think let's see we've got two more

398
00:14:37,990 --> 00:14:36,000
to go ready yes the other two

399
00:14:40,230 --> 00:14:38,000
experiments are the capillary flow

400
00:14:42,389 --> 00:14:40,240
experiment which mark weiss local talked

401
00:14:45,590 --> 00:14:42,399
about i think just yesterday

402
00:14:46,550 --> 00:14:45,600
in this slide here you can see um the

403
00:14:48,629 --> 00:14:46,560
four

404
00:14:50,389 --> 00:14:48,639
vials on the right uh there's actually a

405
00:14:53,350 --> 00:14:50,399
cartoon on the left that shows the cross

406
00:14:56,150 --> 00:14:53,360
section uh this is called the capillary

407
00:14:59,829 --> 00:14:56,160
flow experiment and this is the interior

408
00:15:01,990 --> 00:14:59,839
corner vessel or interior corner flow

409
00:15:03,430 --> 00:15:02,000
icf vessel

410
00:15:05,509 --> 00:15:03,440
in this case the

411
00:15:07,829 --> 00:15:05,519
you can see the interior corner in that

412
00:15:11,269 --> 00:15:07,839
bottom left corner it's a 50 degree

413
00:15:14,550 --> 00:15:11,279
angle corner and it actually simulates

414
00:15:16,710 --> 00:15:14,560
a straw or a half of a straw if you can

415
00:15:18,470 --> 00:15:16,720
can think of it in that abstract term

416
00:15:20,069 --> 00:15:18,480
we're all familiar with how

417
00:15:22,629 --> 00:15:20,079
a fluid will

418
00:15:24,230 --> 00:15:22,639
literally flow uphill if the straw

419
00:15:27,590 --> 00:15:24,240
diameter is small enough that's the

420
00:15:29,509 --> 00:15:27,600
capillary capillary action hence the

421
00:15:31,030 --> 00:15:29,519
the name for this experiment

422
00:15:33,670 --> 00:15:31,040
um

423
00:15:36,710 --> 00:15:33,680
in this case that corner

424
00:15:40,389 --> 00:15:36,720
the fluid will flow up that corner

425
00:15:42,949 --> 00:15:40,399
against gravity and in the zero g case

426
00:15:44,949 --> 00:15:42,959
it flows quite fast within a few seconds

427
00:15:48,150 --> 00:15:44,959
of introducing fluid into that interior

428
00:15:50,710 --> 00:15:48,160
corner flow it moves along

429
00:15:53,030 --> 00:15:50,720
um and i can't say up because there is

430
00:15:55,509 --> 00:15:53,040
no up in space but it moves along that

431
00:15:57,509 --> 00:15:55,519
corner of its own accord

432
00:16:00,389 --> 00:15:57,519
due to the

433
00:16:04,310 --> 00:16:00,399
cohe adhesion overcoming the forces of

434
00:16:07,030 --> 00:16:04,320
cohesion the the adhesion of the fluid

435
00:16:09,910 --> 00:16:07,040
towards the surface of the vessel

436
00:16:13,110 --> 00:16:09,920
is pulling that fluid along that corner

437
00:16:15,110 --> 00:16:13,120
and it it can actually

438
00:16:16,230 --> 00:16:15,120
move the fluid from as you saw in the

439
00:16:17,670 --> 00:16:16,240
diagram

440
00:16:19,990 --> 00:16:17,680
as you proceed from the left to the

441
00:16:21,749 --> 00:16:20,000
right the fluid is moving from the

442
00:16:23,990 --> 00:16:21,759
bottom of the vessel or the lower

443
00:16:26,389 --> 00:16:24,000
portion to the upper portion displacing

444
00:16:28,629 --> 00:16:26,399
the bubble which starts at the top and

445
00:16:30,949 --> 00:16:28,639
and then ends up at the bottom

446
00:16:33,670 --> 00:16:30,959
so this also is a quite wonderful

447
00:16:35,509 --> 00:16:33,680
discovery because it it's a bubble pump

448
00:16:37,269 --> 00:16:35,519
as well as a liquid pump

449
00:16:39,590 --> 00:16:37,279
first of all the applications for this

450
00:16:41,749 --> 00:16:39,600
uh in space would be that

451
00:16:43,829 --> 00:16:41,759
uh fluids don't

452
00:16:45,829 --> 00:16:43,839
uh don't you know settle to the bottom

453
00:16:47,749 --> 00:16:45,839
of a vessel in space they because

454
00:16:50,310 --> 00:16:47,759
there's no gravity they can spread out

455
00:16:52,150 --> 00:16:50,320
they can become separated into different

456
00:16:55,189 --> 00:16:52,160
sections of the volume

457
00:16:57,030 --> 00:16:55,199
so we can use this method to replace

458
00:16:58,629 --> 00:16:57,040
mechanical pumps we can use the

459
00:17:00,470 --> 00:16:58,639
capillary flow action and that's how

460
00:17:03,509 --> 00:17:00,480
we're designing fuel tanks for future

461
00:17:05,669 --> 00:17:03,519
vehicles to move the fluid to a desired

462
00:17:07,750 --> 00:17:05,679
section of the tank great so we can

463
00:17:09,669 --> 00:17:07,760
hopefully make use of that in the future

464
00:17:11,750 --> 00:17:09,679
i think we're i'm sorry just about out

465
00:17:13,829 --> 00:17:11,760
of time so we should run on to the next

466
00:17:17,590 --> 00:17:13,839
uh let's talk about the marangoni

467
00:17:20,710 --> 00:17:17,600
experiment the marangoni is a is a fluid

468
00:17:21,750 --> 00:17:20,720
transport process which is very subtle

469
00:17:23,110 --> 00:17:21,760
and

470
00:17:25,909 --> 00:17:23,120
hard to

471
00:17:27,909 --> 00:17:25,919
measure on earth it it turns out that

472
00:17:28,950 --> 00:17:27,919
this experiment involves

473
00:17:50,789 --> 00:17:28,960
a

474
00:17:53,110 --> 00:17:50,799
low on the left

475
00:17:55,669 --> 00:17:53,120
this so this is a very subtle uh

476
00:17:57,909 --> 00:17:55,679
transport process that we can use to

477
00:18:00,150 --> 00:17:57,919
improve our designs of

478
00:18:02,150 --> 00:18:00,160
optical crystals and semiconductors on

479
00:18:03,990 --> 00:18:02,160
the ground if we understand more the

480
00:18:05,990 --> 00:18:04,000
dynamics of it in this particular

481
00:18:08,789 --> 00:18:06,000
application of marangoni where you is

482
00:18:10,630 --> 00:18:08,799
called the ultrasonic velocity profile

483
00:18:12,710 --> 00:18:10,640
that's another

484
00:18:15,750 --> 00:18:12,720
measurement method to

485
00:18:17,270 --> 00:18:15,760
investigate the flow field inside the

486
00:18:20,150 --> 00:18:17,280
column of fluid

487
00:18:21,510 --> 00:18:20,160
so at every for virtually every

488
00:18:24,549 --> 00:18:21,520
uh

489
00:18:27,029 --> 00:18:24,559
millimeter of of depth into that fluid

490
00:18:29,110 --> 00:18:27,039
and across a wide cross section we know

491
00:18:30,789 --> 00:18:29,120
exactly what the velocity profile is at

492
00:18:32,070 --> 00:18:30,799
the micro level

493
00:18:33,990 --> 00:18:32,080
well let me wrap up with one last

494
00:18:35,669 --> 00:18:34,000
question um with such a range of

495
00:18:36,950 --> 00:18:35,679
experiments are you ever surprised by

496
00:18:38,390 --> 00:18:36,960
the things that people come up with the

497
00:18:39,990 --> 00:18:38,400
ways that we can use the space station

498
00:18:42,950 --> 00:18:40,000
for unique research

499
00:18:44,950 --> 00:18:42,960
i i am almost every day and and that is

500
00:18:47,669 --> 00:18:44,960
one of the the neat things about my job

501
00:18:50,390 --> 00:18:47,679
is that i i get the chance to learn uh

502
00:18:52,549 --> 00:18:50,400
about uh just the beauty of science and

503
00:18:56,710 --> 00:18:52,559
and the nature that surrounds all of us

504
00:18:59,110 --> 00:18:56,720
and it is amazing the the ways we are

505
00:19:01,029 --> 00:18:59,120
discovering to use the

506
00:19:02,950 --> 00:19:01,039
the unique properties of the

507
00:19:05,110 --> 00:19:02,960
international space station as a science

508
00:19:07,510 --> 00:19:05,120
laboratory it's it's just truly amazing

509
00:19:08,789 --> 00:19:07,520
and i'm very happy to be a part of that

510
00:19:10,150 --> 00:19:08,799
well thanks so much for coming and

511
00:19:13,029 --> 00:19:10,160
talking with us again this was vic

512
00:19:15,270 --> 00:19:13,039
cooley congratulations on uh surpassing

513
00:19:17,270 --> 00:19:15,280
the former record and making it to 67

514
00:19:19,110 --> 00:19:17,280
hours of research done on the space

515
00:19:20,789 --> 00:19:19,120
station this week thank you very much we